What is the difference between HTML and HTML5?
HTML5 is an updated version of HTML with added features like native support for multimedia elements, semantic tags for better structure, improved compatibility with older browsers, built-in form validation, and support for canvas for graphics and animations. It represents a significant advancement in web development, offering developers more capabilities for creating modern, interactive web pages.
Explain the purpose of HTML semantic elements
HTML semantic elements provide a clearer structure and meaning to web pages, improving accessibility, SEO, and readability. They include tags like ``, ``, ``, ``, ``, and ``, making it easier for developers to organize content and for browsers and assistive technologies to understand it.
What are the advantages of using CSS preprocessors like Sass or Less?
CSS preprocessors like Sass or Less offer advantages such as variables for reusable values, nested syntax for improved readability, mixins for encapsulating styles, functions for advanced calculations, imports for organizing code, extends for inheritance, automated vendor prefixing, and overall improved modularity and maintainability of CSS code.
How does CSS Flexbox work?
Flexbox is a CSS layout module designed to provide a more efficient way to lay out, align, and distribute space among items in a container, even when their size is unknown. It has properties like flex-direction, justify-content, align-items, and flex-wrap.
What is the difference between == and === in JavaScript?
== is the equality operator which checks for equality after type coercion, whereas === is the strict equality operator which checks for equality without type coercion. For example, 5 == '5' returns true, but 5 === '5' returns false.
What are the main features of HTML5?
New semantic elements like , , , , .
New form controls such as , , and .
Multimedia elements like and .
Support for local storage (localStorage and sessionStorage).
Geolocation API.
New graphics capabilities with and SVG.
What is REST and how does it work?
REST (Representational State Transfer) is an architectural style for designing networked applications. It relies on stateless, client-server communication, often over HTTP. RESTful APIs use HTTP requests to perform CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations using standard HTTP methods like GET, POST, PUT, DELETE.
Explain the concept of middleware in Express.js.
Middleware functions in Express.js are functions that have access to the request object (req), the response object (res), and the next middleware function in the application's request-response cycle. These functions can execute code, modify the request and response objects, end the request-response cycle, and call the next middleware function in the stack.
What are microservices?
Microservices are an architectural style that structures an application as a collection of loosely coupled services. Each service is independent, can be deployed separately, and typically handles a single business function. This approach allows for greater flexibility and scalabilit
What is the difference between SQL and NoSQL databases?
SQL databases are relational, table-based databases that use structured query language (SQL) for defining and manipulating data. Examples include MySQL, PostgreSQL, and SQLite. NoSQL databases are non-relational, often schema-less, and can be document-based (MongoDB), key-value stores (Redis), column-oriented (Cassandra), or graph databases (Neo4j).
Explain ACID properties in the context of databases
ACID stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. These properties ensure reliable processing of database transactions:
Atomicity: Transactions are all-or-nothing.
Consistency: Transactions bring the database from one valid state to another.
Isolation: Concurrent transactions do not affect each other.
Durability: Once a transaction is committed, it remains so.
What are the differences between git pull and git fetch?
git fetch retrieves updates from a remote repository but does not merge them into the current branch. git pull fetches updates and merges them into the current branch. Essentially, git pull is a combination of git fetch followed by git merge.
How do you resolve a merge conflict in Git?
Identify the conflicted files using git status.
Open the conflicted files and manually resolve the conflicts by choosing or combining changes.
Mark the conflicts as resolved with git add .
Commit the resolved changes using git commit.
What is CI/CD and why is it important?
CI/CD stands for Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment/Delivery. CI/CD automates the process of integrating code changes, running tests, and deploying to production. This leads to faster delivery, improved quality, and reduced risk by catching errors early.
Explain the concept of containerization and its benefits.
Containerization involves encapsulating an application and its dependencies into a container, which can run consistently across different environments. Benefits include:
Consistency across development, testing, and production environments.
Lightweight and efficient compared to traditional VMs.
Easier scaling and orchestration with tools like Kubernetes
What are the benefits of using TypeScript over JavaScript?
TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript that adds static typing, which helps catch errors at compile-time rather than runtime. It improves code readability, maintainability, and provides better tooling with features like autocompletion and refactoring.
Describe the MVC architecture
MVC stands for Model-View-Controller. It is a design pattern used for developing web applications:
Model: Manages the data and business logic.
View: Handles the display and presentation of data.
Controller: Manages user input and updates the Model and View accordingly.
By preparing answers to these questions, you'll be well-equipped for a full stack developer interview, covering the breadth of technologies and concepts involved in the role.
Do I need to renew my license?
Marks and devious Semikoli but the Little Blind Text didn’t listen. She packed her seven versalia, put her initial into the belt and made herself on the way.
How to Change my Photo from Admin Dashboard?
Far far away, behind the word mountains, far from the countries Vokalia and Consonantia, there live the blind texts. Separated they live in Bookmarksgrove right at the coast
How to Change my Photo from Admin Dashboard?
Far far away, behind the word mountains, far from the countries Vokalia and Consonantia, there live the blind texts. Separated they live in Bookmarksgrove right at the coast
What is the DOM
The Document Object Model is a programming interface for web documents, representing the page structure as a tree of objects.
Explain event delegation in JavaScript.
Event delegation allows handling events at a higher level in the DOM, rather than attaching them directly to the target elements.
What are CSS preprocessors?
Marks and devious Semikoli but the Little Blind Text didn’t listen. She packed her seven versalia, put her initial into the belt and made herself on the way.
What is React and why is it popular?
React is a JavaScript library for building user interfaces, popular for its component-based architecture and virtual DOM.
What is a virtual DOM?
A lightweight copy of the real DOM used by libraries like React to optimize updates and rendering.
Explain the box model in CSS.
The box model describes the structure of a web element, including content, padding, border, and margin.
What is the purpose of the this keyword in JavaScript?
this refers to the object context in which a function is called.
What is REST and how does it work?
REST (Representational State Transfer) is an architectural style using standard HTTP methods for CRUD operations
Explain the concept of middleware in Express.js.
Middleware functions have access to the request, response, and next middleware function, allowing for request/response handling and modification.
What are microservices?
Microservices are an architectural style that structures an application as a collection of loosely coupled services, each handling a single business function.
What is Node.js, and why is it popular?
Node.js is a JavaScript runtime built on Chrome's V8 engine, popular for its non-blocking, event-driven architecture, which makes it suitable for building scalable and high-performance web applications.
What are RESTful APIs?
RESTful APIs adhere to REST principles, providing a standardized way for web services to communicate over HTTP using standard methods like GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, and are stateless, scalable, and maintainable.
What is middleware in Express.js
Middleware functions in Express.js are functions that have access to the request and response objects and the next function in the application’s request-response cycle, used for tasks like logging, authentication, and error handling.
What are the differences between relational and non-relational databases?
Relational databases use structured query language (SQL) and have a table-based schema with relationships between tables. Non-relational databases (NoSQL) have flexible schemas and can be document-based, key-value pairs, wide-column stores, or graph databases.
What is an ORM, and why is it useful?
An ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) tool like Sequelize or Mongoose allows developers to interact with the database using object-oriented syntax, reducing the need for complex SQL queries and improving code maintainability.
How does asynchronous programming work in JavaScript?
Asynchronous programming in JavaScript is achieved using callbacks, promises, and async/await, allowing non-blocking execution of code, which is essential for handling I/O operations like fetching data from an API.
What are WebSockets, and when would you use them?
WebSockets provide a full-duplex communication channel over a single, long-lived connection, useful for real-time applications like chat apps, live updates, and online gaming.
What is JWT, and how is it used for authentication?
JWT (JSON Web Token) is a compact, URL-safe token used for securely transmitting information between parties. It is commonly used for authentication by including it in HTTP headers to verify user identity.
Explain how to secure an Express.js application
Securing an Express.js application involves using HTTPS, validating and sanitizing user input, implementing authentication and authorization, using security headers, and regularly updating dependencies to patch vulnerabilities.
What is normalization in databases?
Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity by dividing tables into smaller, related tables and defining relationships between them.
What are ACID properties in a database?
ACID properties ensure reliable transactions in a database: Atomicity (all or nothing), Consistency (valid state), Isolation (independent transactions), and Durability (persistent changes).
What is indexing, and how does it improve database performance?
Indexing creates a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval operations on a database table at the cost of additional storage space and slower write operations.
What is a NoSQL database, and what are its types?
NoSQL databases are non-relational databases designed for flexible schemas and scalability. Types include document-based (MongoDB), key-value stores (Redis), column-family stores (Cassandra), and graph databases (Neo4j).
How do you perform a JOIN operation in SQL?
A JOIN operation in SQL combines rows from two or more tables based on a related column. Types include INNER JOIN (matching rows), LEFT JOIN (all rows from the left table and matching rows from the right), RIGHT JOIN, and FULL OUTER JOIN.
What is a transaction in a database?
A transaction is a sequence of one or more SQL operations executed as a single unit of work, ensuring data integrity and consistency. Transactions are governed by ACID properties.
How do you optimize SQL queries?
SQL queries can be optimized by using indexes, avoiding SELECT *, minimizing joins and subqueries, using proper WHERE clauses, and analyzing query execution plans.
What are stored procedures, and when would you use them?
Stored procedures are precompiled SQL code stored in the database, which can be executed by calling them. They are used to encapsulate complex operations, improve performance, and enhance security.
Explain the concept of database replication.
Database replication involves copying data from one database server (primary) to one or more secondary servers to improve data availability, redundancy, and load balancing.
What is a database index, and what are its types?
A database index is a data structure that improves query performance by allowing faster data retrieval. Types include clustered (data is physically sorted) and non-clustered (separate structure) indexes.
What is Continuous Integration (CI
Continuous Integration (CI) is a development practice where developers frequently merge code changes into a central repository, followed by automated builds and tests to detect integration issues early.
